Уже совсем скоро, 7 февраля 2019 года, в Украине вступит в силу закон №2473-VIII «О валюте и валютных операциях». С этого момента утратит силу ряд нормативно-правовых актов, в частности, декрет Кабинета министров от 19 февраля 1993 года №15-93 «О системе валютного регулирования и валютного контроля», которым более 25 лет регулировались отношения в сфере осуществления валютных операций и их контроля.
Принятие Верховной Радой закона такой значимости действительно является шагом вперед от устаревшей системы контроля государства за валютными операциями.
Предусмотренное документом усовершенствование валютной системы Украины направлено прежде всего на упрощение ведения бизнеса и улучшение инвестиционного климата в нашей стране. Согласно ст. 2 закона о валюте, основными принципами валютного регулирования устанавливаются следующие:
- свобода осуществления валютных операций;
- риск-ориентация, прозрачность, достаточность и эффективность;
- самостоятельность и рыночность валютного регулирования.
С целью приведения своих нормативно-правовых актов в соответствие с новым законом о валюте Национальный банк 2 января 2019 года утвердил и опубликовал ряд постановлений №№1–8 (ознакомиться с текстом постановлений можно на официальном сайте НБУ по ссылке: https://bank.gov.ua/control/uk/document/list). Таким образом, по состоянию на сегодня для введения в силу и реализации положений закона о валюте готова необходимая подзаконная нормативно-правовая база.
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Рассмотрим, какие именно нововведения коснутся бизнеса после вступления в силу закона о валюте.
Во-первых, будет отменен валютный надзор за экспортно-импортными операциями в сумме до 150 тыс. грн. На смену индивидуальным лицензиям НБУ на банковские операции вводятся так называемые е-лимиты — 2 млн евро в год для юрлиц и 50 тыс. евро в год для физлиц.
Также отменяются санкции в виде прекращения внешнеэкономической деятельности, лимиты на досрочное погашение внешних обязательств и регистрация внешних займов.
Во-вторых, вводятся разрешения:
- свободное открытие счетов юрлиц за границей (кроме операций по переводу денег из Украины на такие счета);
- расчеты в иностранной валюте по валютным государственным облигациям;
- ввоз/вывоз наличной иностранной валюты и банковских металлов юрлицами (если это предусмотрено их уставными документами);
- накопление валюты на счетах юрлиц для погашения внешних займов;
- безлимитные инвестиции банков в ценные бумаги инвестиционного класса;
- инвестиции в Украину в валютах II группы классификатора валют (см. постановление НБУ от 4 февраля 1998 года №34);
- валютные свопы банков с резидентами и нерезидентами и т. д.
В-третьих, увеличивается в два раза граничный срок осуществления расчетов по экспортно-импортным контрактам — до 365 дней, а лимит на переводы за границу без открытия счета для физлиц — до 150 тыс. грн в год (то есть в 10 раз).
Также увеличится лимит на куплю-продажу банковских металлов физическими и юридическими лицами со 100 г в неделю до эквивалента 150 тыс. грн в день (для юрлиц, ведущих деятельность, связанную с использованием банковских металлов, — без лимитов).
Таким образом, на первый взгляд создается неплохое впечатление о перспективе вводимых законом о валюте новшеств. Считаем, что такое послабление валютного контроля государства будет способствовать приходу инвестиций и развитию бизнеса.
Однако успешное осуществление намеченного курса на либерализацию и скорость его реализации зависит не только от подходящей нормативной базы, но и от уровня правовой осведомленности бизнеса о новых возможностях и развития рынка в целом.
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